Optimal Inapproximability of Satisfiable $k$-LIN over Non-Abelian Groups

TL;DR

This paper establishes the optimal inapproximability bounds for satisfiable $k$-LIN problems over non-abelian groups, extending classical hardness results and showing the limits of approximation algorithms under NP-hardness assumptions.

Contribution

It proves tight hardness of approximation for satisfiable $k$-LIN over any non-abelian group, demonstrating the optimality of existing algorithms.

Findings

Proves tight hardness of approximation assuming P ≠ NP.

Shows the approximation algorithm is optimal for non-abelian $k$-LIN.

Derives improved 3-query PCPs with perfect completeness and better soundness.

Abstract

A seminal result of H\r{a}stad [J. ACM, 48(4):798--859, 2001] shows that it is NP-hard to find an assignment that satisfies $\frac{1}{|G|}+\varepsilon$ fraction of the constraints of a given $k$-LIN instance over an abelian group, even if there is an assignment that satisfies $(1-\varepsilon)$ fraction of the constraints, for any constant $\varepsilon>0$. Engebretsen et al. [Theoretical Computer Science, 312(1):17--45, 2004] later showed that the same hardness result holds for $k$-LIN instances over any finite non-abelian group. Unlike the abelian case, where we can efficiently find a solution if the instance is satisfiable, in the non-abelian case, it is NP-complete to decide if a given system of linear equations is satisfiable or not, as shown by Goldmann and Russell [Information and Computation, 178(1):253--262. 2002]. Surprisingly, for certain non-abelian groups $G$, given a satisfiable $k$-LIN instance over $G$, one can in fact do better than just outputting a random assignment using a simple but clever algorithm. The approximation factor achieved by this algorithm varies with the underlying group. In this paper, we show that this algorithm is {\em optimal} by proving a tight hardness of approximation of satisfiable $k$-LIN instance over {\em any} non-abelian $G$, assuming $P \neq NP$. As a corollary, we also get $3$-query probabilistically checkable proofs with perfect completeness over large alphabets with improved soundness.