Deterministic Decremental Reachability, SCC, and Shortest Paths via Directed Expanders and Congestion Balancing

TL;DR

This paper introduces deterministic algorithms for decremental reachability, SCC, and shortest paths in directed graphs, overcoming previous randomized and weak-adversary limitations, using novel expander and congestion balancing techniques.

Contribution

It presents the first deterministic algorithms with improved total update times for decremental SSR, SCC, and SSSP problems in directed graphs, surpassing decades-old randomized methods.

Findings

Deterministic decremental SSR/SCC with total update time $mn^{2/3 + o(1)}$

Deterministic decremental SSSP with total update time $n^{2+2/3+o(1)}$

First near-optimal decremental bipartite matching algorithm

Abstract

Let $G = (V,E,w)$ be a weighted, digraph subject to a sequence of adversarial edge deletions. In the decremental single-source reachability problem (SSR), we are given a fixed source $s$ and the goal is to maintain a data structure that can answer path-queries $s \rightarrowtail v$ for any $v \in V$. In the more general single-source shortest paths (SSSP) problem the goal is to return an approximate shortest path to $v$, and in the SCC problem the goal is to maintain strongly connected components of $G$ and to answer path queries within each component. All of these problems have been very actively studied over the past two decades, but all the fast algorithms are randomized and, more significantly, they can only answer path queries if they assume a weaker model: they assume an oblivious adversary which is not adaptive and must fix the update sequence in advance. This assumption significantly limits the use of these data structures, most notably preventing them from being used as subroutines in static algorithms. All the above problems are notoriously difficult in the adaptive setting. In fact, the state-of-the-art is still the Even and Shiloach tree, which dates back all the way to 1981 and achieves total update time $O(mn)$. We present the first algorithms to break through this barrier: 1) deterministic decremental SSR/SCC with total update time $mn^{2/3 + o(1)}$ 2) deterministic decremental SSSP with total update time $n^{2+2/3+o(1)}$. To achieve these results, we develop two general techniques of broader interest for working with dynamic graphs: 1) a generalization of expander-based tools to dynamic directed graphs, and 2) a technique that we call congestion balancing and which provides a new method for maintaining flow under adversarial deletions. Using the second technique, we provide the first near-optimal algorithm for decremental bipartite matching.