Detecting the elemental and molecular signatures of life: Laser-based mass spectrometry technologies

TL;DR

Laser-based mass spectrometry technologies are promising tools for detecting extraterrestrial life by identifying biogenic elements, isotopes, and molecules with high sensitivity and versatility in space exploration missions.

Contribution

This paper reviews and advocates for the use of laser-based mass spectrometers as mature, versatile instruments for in situ detection of biosignatures in planetary exploration.

Findings

Laser-based mass spectrometers can detect atomic, isotopic, and molecular biosignatures.

They are suitable for Mars and Europa exploration scenarios.

These instruments are technologically mature and beneficial for future missions.

Abstract

The identification of extraterrestrial life is one the most exciting and challenging endeavors in space research. The existence of extinct or extant life can be inferred from biogenic elements, isotopes, and molecules, but accurate and sensitive instruments are needed. In this whitepaper we show that Laser-based Mass Spectrometers are promising instrument for the in situ identification of atomic, isotopic, and molecular biosignatures. An overview of Laser ablation/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LIMS) and Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LD-MS) instruments developed for space exploration is given. Their uses are discussed in the context of a Mars scenario and a Europa scenario. We show that Laser-based Mass Spectrometers are versatile and technologically mature instruments with many beneficial characteristics for the detection of life. Future planetary lander and rover missions should be encouraged to make use of Laser-based Mass Spectrometry instruments in their scientific payload.