Counter-intuitive results in acousto-elasticity

TL;DR

This paper reveals that in deformed solids, wave speed directions can contradict traditional expectations, with fastest and slowest waves not aligning with principal stretch directions, complicating strain measurement protocols.

Contribution

It demonstrates counter-intuitive wave propagation behaviors in deformed solids, challenging established acousto-elasticity principles and highlighting new complexities in wave speed extrema.

Findings

Fastest waves in nickel and steel align with greatest compression, not extension.

Oblique wave speed extrema appear in various materials under small deformations.

Non-principal extremal waves complicate strain measurement protocols.

Abstract

We present examples of body wave and surface wave propagation in deformed solids where the slowest and the fastest waves do not travel along the directions of least and greatest stretch, respectively. These results run counter to commonly accepted theory, practice, and implementation of the principles of acousto-elasticity in initially isotropic solids. For instance we find that in nickel and steel, the fastest waves are along the direction of greatest compression, not greatest extension (and vice-versa for the slowest waves), as soon as those solids are deformed. Further, we find that when some materials are subject to a small-but-finite deformations, other extrema of wave speeds appear in non-principal directions. Examples include nickel, steel, polystyrene, and a certain hydrogel. The existence of these ``oblique'', non-principal extremal waves complicates the protocols for the non-destructive determination of the directions of extreme strains.