Gravitational wave signatures from discrete flavor symmetries

TL;DR

This paper explores how explicit small symmetry breaking in discrete flavor symmetry models can produce gravitational wave signals from domain wall annihilation, offering observable signatures for future detectors.

Contribution

It introduces a mechanism for generating gravitational waves from domain wall annihilation in discrete flavor symmetry models with explicit breaking, addressing cosmological issues without inflation.

Findings

Distinctive gravitational wave pattern with multiple peaks predicted.

Cosmologically safe domain walls for a wide range of symmetry breaking scales.

Explicit symmetry breaking can resolve cosmological problems and produce observable signals.

Abstract

Non-Abelian discrete symmetries have been widely used to explain the patterns of lepton masses and flavor mixing. In these models, a given symmetry is assumed at a high scale and then is spontaneously broken by scalars (the flavons), which acquire vacuum expectation values. Typically, the resulting leading order predictions for the oscillation parameters require corrections in order to comply with neutrino oscillation data. We introduce such corrections through an explicit small breaking of the symmetry. This has the advantage of solving the cosmological problems of these models without resorting to inflation. The explicit breaking induces an energy difference or "bias" between different vacua and drives the evolution of the domain walls, unavoidably produced after the symmetry breaking, towards their annihilation. Importantly, the wall annihilation leads to gravitational waves which may be observed in current and/or future experiments. We show that a distinctive pattern of gravitational waves with multiple overlapped peaks is generated when walls annihilate, which is within the reach of future detectors. We also show that cosmic walls from discrete flavor symmetries can be cosmologically safe for any spontaneous breaking scale between 1 and $10^{18}$ GeV, if the bias is chosen adequately, without the need to inflate the walls away. We use as an example a particular $A_4$ model in which an explicit breaking is included in right-handed neutrino mass terms.