TL;DR
This survey reviews current approaches to implementing ethics in machines, highlighting diverse theories, techniques, validation challenges, and proposing domain-specific ethics as a future step.
Contribution
It provides a comprehensive overview of ethical theories and implementation methods in machine ethics, and discusses validation issues and future directions.
Findings
No consensus on best ethical theories for machines.
Validation of ethical implementations remains unresolved.
Domain-specific ethics may facilitate machine ethical behavior.
Abstract
This paper surveys the state-of-the-art in machine ethics, that is, considerations of how to implement ethical behaviour in robots, unmanned autonomous vehicles, or software systems. The emphasis is on covering the breadth of ethical theories being considered by implementors, as well as the implementation techniques being used. There is no consensus on which ethical theory is best suited for any particular domain, nor is there any agreement on which technique is best placed to implement a particular theory. Another unresolved problem in these implementations of ethical theories is how to objectively validate the implementations. The paper discusses the dilemmas being used as validating 'whetstones' and whether any alternative validation mechanism exists. Finally, it speculates that an intermediate step of creating domain-specific ethics might be a possible stepping stone towards…
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