Cosmology Intertwined I: Perspectives for the Next Decade

TL;DR

This paper reviews the current state of cosmology, highlighting open questions, tensions between probes, and upcoming experiments and missions that will help address these issues in the next decade.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of key scientific goals, current tensions, and future observational strategies in cosmology for the upcoming decade.

Findings

Identification of major open questions in cosmology.

Discussion of current tensions like H_0 and S_8.

Overview of upcoming experiments and missions.

Abstract

The standard $\Lambda$ Cold Dark Matter cosmological model provides an amazing description of a wide range of astrophysical and astronomical data. However, there are a few big open questions, that make the standard model look like a first-order approximation to a more realistic scenario that still needs to be fully understood. In this Letter of Interest we will list a few important goals that need to be addressed in the next decade, also taking into account the current discordances present between the different cosmological probes, as the Hubble constant $H_0$ value, the $\sigma_8 - S_8$ tension, and the anomalies present in the Planck results. Finally, we will give an overview of upgraded experiments and next-generation space-missions and facilities on Earth, that will be of crucial importance to address all these questions.