Forward Modeling Populations of Flares from Tidal Disruptions of Stars by Super-massive Black Holes

TL;DR

This paper presents a comprehensive model for understanding the detection and properties of tidal disruption flares caused by supermassive black holes, accounting for various astrophysical and survey effects, and applies it to data from the Zwicky Transient Facility.

Contribution

The authors develop a new framework for modeling optical TDF detections that incorporates host galaxy properties, stellar disruption rates, and survey selection effects, providing insights into detection rates and host galaxy preferences.

Findings

Detection rate aligns with simple theoretical models.

Model reproduces host galaxy mass and redshift distributions.

Dust obscuration significantly reduces detection in star-forming galaxies.

Abstract

Detections of the tidal disruption flares (TDFs) of stars by supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are rapidly accumulating as optical surveys improve. These detections may provide constraints on SMBH demographics, stellar dynamics, and stellar evolution in galaxies. To maximize this scientific impact, we require a better understanding of how astrophysical parameters interact with survey selection effects in setting the properties of detected flares. We develop a framework for modeling the distributions of optical TDF detections in surveys across attributes of the host galaxies and the flares themselves. This model folds in effects of the stellar disruption rate in each galaxy, the flare luminosity and temperature distributions, the effects of obscuration and reddening by dust in the host galaxy, and survey selection criteria. We directly apply this model to the sample of TDFs detected by the Zwicky Transient Facility and find that the overall flare detection rate is in line with simple theoretical expectation. The model can also reproduce the distribution of total stellar mass and redshift of the host galaxies, but fails to match all details of the detected flares, such as their luminosity and temperature distributions. We also find that dust obscuration likely plays an important role in suppressing the TDF detection rate in star-forming galaxies. While we do not find that the unusual preference of TDFs to have hosts in post-starburst galaxies in the "green valley" can be entirely explained by selection effects, our model can help to quantify the true rate enhancement in those galaxies.