X-ray flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) during very quiet solar activity conditions of 2009

TL;DR

This study analyzes solar flares and coronal mass ejections during very quiet solar activity in 2009, revealing the need for revised models to better predict space weather phenomena.

Contribution

It provides a comparative analysis of SFs and CMEs during low and moderate solar activity, highlighting the necessity for improved forecasting mechanisms.

Findings

Flares and CMEs occurred even during very quiet solar activity in 2009.

Current models may be insufficient to predict SFs and CMEs during low activity periods.

Modifications in existing mechanisms are needed for more accurate space weather forecasts.

Abstract

Solar flares (SFs) are sudden brightening observed over the Sun surface which is associated with a large energy release. Flares with burst of Xray emission are normally followed by a mass ejection of electrons and ions from the solar atmosphere called Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs). There is an evidence that solar magnetic field can change its configuration through reconnection and release energy, accelerating solar plasma causing SFs and CMEs. This study examines the SFs and CMEs data from SOHO and GOES satellites during the very low solar activity year of 2009 and moderately high solar activity of 2002. The results indicate that certain modifications in the existing mechanisms of generating SFs and CMEs would be necessary for developing more realistic forecast models affecting the space weather conditions.