Near-infrared characterization of four massive stars in transition phases

TL;DR

This study uses near-infrared spectroscopy to classify four dust-enshrouded massive stars in transition, identifying two as LBV candidates and one as an O-type supergiant, enhancing understanding of their evolutionary stages.

Contribution

First medium-resolution K-band spectra of four dust-enshrouded massive stars, proposing Mg II lines as new LBV indicators and clarifying their evolutionary status.

Findings

MN 83 and MN 112 show LBV-like emission spectra.

MN 108 identified as O-type supergiant.

MN 109 possibly an active LBV candidate.

Abstract

Massive stars typically undergo short-lived post-main sequence evolutionary phases with strong mass loss and occasional mass eruptions. Many of such massive stars in transition phases have been identified based on their dusty envelopes. The ejected material often veils the stellar photospheres so that the central stars cannot be assigned proper spectral types and evolutionary stages. The infrared spectral range has proved to be ideal for the classification of evolved massive stars and for the characterization of their environments. To improve our knowledge on the central stars of four such dust enshrouded objects: [GKF2010] MN 83, [GKF2010] MN 108, [GKF2010] MN 109, and [GKF2010] MN 112, we collect and present their first medium resolution K-band spectra in the $2.3\,-\,2.47\,\mu$m region and discuss the location of the stars in the JHK color-color diagram. We find that the emission-line spectra of both MN 83 and MN 112 show characteristics typically seen in Luminous Blue Variable (LBV) stars. In addition, we propose that the presence and strength of the newly reported Mg II lines might be used as a new complementary criterion to identify LBV candidates. The spectra of the other two objects imply that MN 108 is an O-type supergiant, whereas MN 109 could be an LBV candidate in its active phase. We derive lower limits for the reddening toward the stars and find that three of all de-reddened fall into the region of confirmed LBVs.