High-redshift galaxy groups as seen by Athena/WFI

TL;DR

This paper evaluates Athena's capability to detect and analyze high-redshift galaxy groups, demonstrating its potential to significantly advance understanding of early galaxy formation and feedback processes through simulated observations.

Contribution

It presents a detailed simulation-based assessment of Athena's ability to discover and characterize early galaxy groups at high redshifts, including detection rates and measurement precisions.

Findings

Over 10,000 galaxy groups and clusters at z ≥ 0.5 will be discovered in Athena's deep survey.

Athena can detect approximately 20 high-redshift galaxy groups with M₅₀₀ ≥ 5×10¹³ M☉ at z ≥ 2.

Nearly half of these high-redshift groups will have gas temperatures measured within 25% accuracy.

Abstract

The first massive galaxy groups in the Universe are predicted to have formed at redshifts well beyond two. Baryonic physics, like stellar and active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback in this very active epoch, are expected to have left a strong imprint on the thermo-dynamic properties of these early galaxy groups. Therefore, observations of these groups are key to constrain the relative importance of these physical processes. However, current instruments are not sensitive enough to detect them easily and characterize their hot gas content. In this work, we quantify the observing power of the Advanced Telescope for High ENergy Astrophysics (Athena), the future large X-ray observatory of the European Space Agency (ESA), for discovering and characterizing early galaxy groups at high redshifts. We used the SImulation of X-ray TElescopes (SIXTE) simulator to mimic Athena observations, and a custom-made wavelet-based algorithm to detect galaxy groups and clusters in the redshift range $0.5 \le z \le 4$. We performed extensive X-ray spectral fitting in order to characterize their gas temperature and X-ray luminosity. We also investigate how well Athena will constrain different feedback mechanisms. In the deep Wide Field Imager (WFI) survey expected to be carried out during part of Athena's first four years (the nominal mission lifetime) more than 10,000 galaxy groups and clusters at $z\ge 0.5$ will be discovered. We find that Athena can detect $\sim20$ high-redshift galaxy groups with masses of $M_{500}\geq$ $5\times 10^{13}$ $M_{\odot}$ and $z\geq2$, and almost half of them will have a gas temperature determined to a precision of $\Delta T/T \le 25\%$. We demonstrate that high-redshift galaxy groups can be detected very efficiently as extended sources by Athena and that a key parameter determining the total number of such newly discovered sources is the area on the sky surveyed by Athena.