Measurements of the magnetic properties of conduction electrons

TL;DR

This paper reviews various experimental techniques for measuring electron magnetization and susceptibility, emphasizing recent advances in local and nanoscale measurement methods in condensed matter physics.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of macroscopic and local magnetic measurement techniques, highlighting recent developments in low-dimensional and nanoscale electron systems.

Findings

Comparison of macroscopic measurement methods

Analysis of local measurement techniques

Focus on recent advances in nanosystems

Abstract

We consider various methods and techniques for measuring electron magnetization and susceptibility, which are used in experimental condensed matter physics. The list of considered methods for macroscopic measurements includes magnetomechanic, electromagnetic, modulation-type, and also thermodynamic methods based on the chemical potential variation. We also consider local methods of magnetic measurements based on the spin Hall effects and NV-centers. Several scanning probe magnetometers-microscopes are considered, such as magnetic resonance force microscope, SQUID-microscope, and Hall microscope. The review focuses on the spin magnetization measurements of electrons in non-magnetic materials and artificial systems, particularly, in low-dimensional electron systems in semiconductors and in nanosystems, which came to the forefront in recent years.