Detectability of ultra-compact X-ray binaries as LISA sources

TL;DR

This study uses binary evolution models to identify the conditions under which ultra-compact X-ray binaries can be detected by LISA, highlighting their potential as valuable multi-messenger sources despite narrow formation conditions.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of the progenitor parameter space for UCXBs detectable by LISA using advanced binary evolution simulations.

Findings

Some UCXBs within 10 kpc are detectable by LISA.

The formation of LISA-detectable UCXBs requires fine-tuned initial conditions.

Estimated Galactic birthrate of UCXB-LISA sources is (2-2.6)×10^{-6} yr^{-1}.

Abstract

Ultra-compact X-ray binaries (UCXBs) are low-mass X-ray binaries with ultra-short orbital periods (usually less than 1 hour) and hydrogen-poor donor stars, which are proposed to be the potential LISA sources. In this work, we firstly employ the MESA code to examine the parameter space of the progenitors of UCXBs that LISA will detect. Our simulations indicate that the initial binaries with a neutron star and a $0.4-3.3~M_{\odot}$ companion star in an orbit of initial orbital period smaller than the bifurcation period could evolve into UCXBs, some of which will emit gravitational wave signals that can be detectable by the LISA. However, the initial orbital periods of the binaries that will evolve into UCXB-LISA sources in a distance of 10 kpc are located in a very narrow range, i.e. the formation of these LISA source requires an extremely fine-tuning of initial parameter. According to the characteristic stains and the derived maximum detectable distances, four sources among eight UCXBs with the observed distances are expected to be detected by the LISA. Based on the parameter space given by the detailed binary evolution models and the rapid binary star evolution code, the birthrate of UCXBs appearing as LISA sources in the Galaxy is estimated to be $(2-2.6)\times10^{\rm -6}~\rm yr^{-1}$. Considering the contribution of UCXBs in the globular clusters, the number of UCXB-LISA sources can reach $240 - 320$. Although the formation condition is severe, the detectability of UCXBs by the LISA is still optimistic and significant because they provide an opportunity to pursue full multi-messenger investigations.