A validated multi-agent simulation test bed to evaluate congestion pricing policies on population segments by time-of-day in New York City

TL;DR

This paper presents the development and validation of an open-source multi-agent simulation model for New York City, enabling detailed evaluation of congestion pricing policies and their impacts on different population segments and travel behaviors.

Contribution

The first validated multi-agent simulation test bed for NYC, calibrated with real data, supporting policy evaluation and revealing differential impacts of congestion pricing.

Findings

The model predicts a 127K trip reduction under proposed congestion pricing.

Pricing increases benefit Manhattan residents but negatively impact non-Manhattan populations.

Citywide consumer surplus decreases as congestion prices rise from $9.18 to $14.

Abstract

Evaluation of the demand for emerging transportation technologies and policies can vary by time of day due to spillbacks on roadways, rescheduling of travelers' activity patterns, and shifting to other modes that affect the level of congestion. These effects are not well-captured with static travel demand models. We calibrate and validate the first open-source multi-agent simulation model for New York City, called MATSim-NYC, to support agencies in evaluating policies such as congestion pricing. The simulation-based virtual test bed is loaded with an 8M+ synthetic 2016 population calibrated in a prior study. The road network is calibrated to INRIX speed data and average annual daily traffic for a screenline along the East River crossings, resulting in average speed differences of 7.2% on freeways and 17.1% on arterials, leading to average difference of +1.8% from the East River screenline. Validation against transit stations shows an 8% difference from observed counts and median difference of 29% for select road link counts. The model is used to evaluate a congestion pricing plan proposed by the Regional Plan Association and suggests a much higher (127K) car trip reduction compared to their report (59K). The pricing policy would impact the population segment making trips within Manhattan differently from the population segment of trips outside Manhattan. The multiagent simulation can show that 37.3% of the Manhattan segment would be negatively impacted by the pricing compared to 39.9% of the non-Manhattan segment, which has implications for redistribution of congestion pricing revenues. The citywide travel consumer surplus decreases when the congestion pricing goes up from $9.18 to $14 both ways even as it increases for the Charging-related population segment. This implies that increasing pricing from $9.18 to $14 benefits Manhattanites at the expense of the rest of the city.