Gravitational collapse of a fluid with torsion into a universe in a black hole

TL;DR

This paper explores how torsion in a fluid undergoing gravitational collapse can prevent singularities, leading to a bouncing, oscillatory universe inside a black hole, potentially explaining the universe's origin.

Contribution

It introduces a model where torsion prevents singularities during collapse, resulting in a cyclic universe emerging from a black hole, incorporating quantum effects and inflation.

Findings

Torsion causes a bounce, avoiding singularities.

Quantum particle production influences torsion dominance.

The universe inside a black hole can oscillate and grow over cycles.

Abstract

We consider gravitational collapse of a spherically symmetric sphere of a fluid with spin and torsion into a black hole. We use the Tolman metric and the Einstein$-$Cartan field equations with a relativistic spin fluid as a source. We show that gravitational repulsion of torsion prevents a singularity and replaces it with a nonsingular bounce. Quantum particle production during contraction helps torsion to dominate over shear. Particle production during expansion can generate a finite period of inflation and produce enormous amounts of matter. The resulting closed universe on the other side of the event horizon may have several bounces. Such a universe is oscillatory, with each cycle larger in size than the previous cycle, until it reaches the cosmological size and expands indefinitely. Our universe might have therefore originated from a black hole.