Quantum versus Classical Generative Modelling in Finance

TL;DR

This paper compares quantum and classical generative models in finance, showing quantum models, especially the quantum circuit Born machine, can match or outperform classical models like the Boltzmann machine, with experiments on real quantum hardware.

Contribution

It provides the first large-scale training of a quantum circuit Born machine on hardware for a real-world financial dataset, demonstrating quantum advantage potential.

Findings

Quantum Born machines match or outperform Boltzmann machines in financial data modeling.

Quantum hardware experiments successfully trained large Born machines.

Entanglement correlates with model performance improvements.

Abstract

Finding a concrete use case for quantum computers in the near term is still an open question, with machine learning typically touted as one of the first fields which will be impacted by quantum technologies. In this work, we investigate and compare the capabilities of quantum versus classical models for the task of generative modelling in machine learning. We use a real world financial dataset consisting of correlated currency pairs and compare two models in their ability to learn the resulting distribution - a restricted Boltzmann machine, and a quantum circuit Born machine. We provide extensive numerical results indicating that the simulated Born machine always at least matches the performance of the Boltzmann machine in this task, and demonstrates superior performance as the model scales. We perform experiments on both simulated and physical quantum chips using the Rigetti forest platform, and also are able to partially train the largest instance to date of a quantum circuit Born machine on quantum hardware. Finally, by studying the entanglement capacity of the training Born machines, we find that entanglement typically plays a role in the problem instances which demonstrate an advantage over the Boltzmann machine.