Accurate and Efficient Intracranial Hemorrhage Detection and Subtype Classification in 3D CT Scans with Convolutional and Long Short-Term Memory Neural Networks

TL;DR

This paper introduces a lightweight deep neural network combining CNN and LSTM for rapid and accurate intracranial hemorrhage detection in 3D CT scans, achieving top performance in a large challenge and providing explainability features.

Contribution

The novel integration of CNN and LSTM with feature selection and slice reduction for efficient hemorrhage detection, along with open-source code and interpretability via Grad-CAM.

Findings

Achieved top 30 ranking with a weighted log loss of 0.04989

Model performance comparable to radiologists

Open source code for reproducibility

Abstract

In this paper, we present our system for the RSNA Intracranial Hemorrhage Detection challenge. The proposed system is based on a lightweight deep neural network architecture composed of a convolutional neural network (CNN) that takes as input individual CT slices, and a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network that takes as input feature embeddings provided by the CNN. For efficient processing, we consider various feature selection methods to produce a subset of useful CNN features for the LSTM. Furthermore, we reduce the CT slices by a factor of 2x, allowing ourselves to train the model faster. Even if our model is designed to balance speed and accuracy, we report a weighted mean log loss of 0.04989 on the final test set, which places us in the top 30 ranking (2%) from a total of 1345 participants. Although our computing infrastructure does not allow it, processing CT slices at their original scale is likely to improve performance. In order to enable others to reproduce our results, we provide our code as open source at https://github.com/warchildmd/ihd. After the challenge, we conducted a subjective intracranial hemorrhage detection assessment by radiologists, indicating that the performance of our deep model is on par with that of doctors specialized in reading CT scans. Another contribution of our work is to integrate Grad-CAM visualizations in our system, providing useful explanations for its predictions. We therefore consider our system as a viable option when a fast diagnosis or a second opinion on intracranial hemorrhage detection are needed.