The PDR structure and kinematics around the compact HII regions S235A and S235C with [CII], [13CII], [OI] and HCO+ line profiles

TL;DR

This study investigates the structure and gas movements in PDRs around HII regions S235A and S235C using line emissions, revealing self-absorption effects and expanding motions, with models matching some observations but not the line profiles.

Contribution

First detailed analysis of [CII], [13CII], and [OI] lines in these PDRs, highlighting the importance of [13CII] for accurate kinematic measurements and testing spherical models against observations.

Findings

[CII] optical depth up to 10 in S235A.

Detected expanding motion of PDR layers.

Models match integrated line intensities but not line profiles.

Abstract

The aim of the present work is to study structure and gas kinematics in the photodissociation regions (PDRs) around the compact HII regions S235A and S235C. We observe the [CII], [13CII] and [OI] line emission, using SOFIA/upGREAT and complement them by data of HCO+ and CO. We use the [13CII] line to measure the optical depth of the [CII] emission, and find that the [CII] line profiles are influenced by self-absorption, while the [13CII] line remains unaffected by these effects. Hence, for dense PDRs, [13CII] emission is a better tracer of gas kinematics. The optical depth of the [CII] line is up to 10 in S235A. We find an expanding motion of the [CII]-emitting layer of the PDRs into the front molecular layer in both regions. Comparison of the gas and dust columns shows that gas components visible neither in the [CII] nor in low-J CO lines may contribute to the total column across S235A. We test whether the observed properties of the PDRs match the predictions of spherical models of expanding HII region + PDR + molecular cloud. Integrated intensities of the [13CII], [CII] and [OI] lines are well-represented by the model, but the models do not reproduce the double-peaked [CII] line profiles due to an insufficient column density of C+. The model predicts that the [OI] line could be a more reliable tracer of gas kinematics, but the foreground self-absorbing material does not allow using it in the considered regions.