On Dirac Quantisation rules and the trace anomaly

TL;DR

This paper examines Dirac's quantisation rules, their relation to the trace anomaly, and the violations of Poisson-Lie algebra properties, revealing that quantum mechanics still has foundational issues to address.

Contribution

It clarifies the aspects of Dirac's quantisation rules, analyzes violations of algebraic properties, and discusses their implications for the trace anomaly and quantum mechanics foundations.

Findings

Violations of Poisson-Lie algebra occur at higher orders in 5.

Certain bounded operators do not lead to a trace anomaly.

Dirac's original derivation remains valid despite algebraic violations.

Abstract

In this article I shall clarify various aspects of the Dirac quantisation rules of 1930\cite{Dirac}, namely (i) the choice of antisymmetric Poisson brackets, (ii) the first quantisation Rule 1 (iii) the second quantisation Rule 2, and their relations to the trace anomaly. In fact in 1925 Dirac already had a preliminarily formulation of these rules \cite{Dirac3}. Using them, he had independently rediscovered the Born-Jordan quantisation rule \cite{BornJordan1925} and called it the quantum condition. This is the best known and undoubtedly most significant of the canonical quantisation rules of quantum mechanics. We shall discuss several violations of the Poisson-Lie algebra (assumed by Dirac), starting from antisymmetry, which is the first criterion for defining a Lie algebra. Similar violations also occur for the Leibniz's rule and the Jacobi identity, the latter we shall also prove for all our quantum Poisson brackets. That none of these violations jeopardised Dirac's ingenious original derivation \cite{Dirac} of his first quantisation Rule 1, is quite remarkable. This is because the violations are all of higher orders in $\hbar$. We shall further show that (ii) does not automatically lead to a trace anomaly for certain bounded integrable operators. Several issues that are both pedagogical and foundational arising from this study show that quantum mechanics is still not a finished product. I shall briefly mention some attempts and options to complete its development.