Hydrodynamic Simulations of Pre-Supernova Outbursts in Red Supergiants: Asphericity and Mass Loss

TL;DR

This study uses two-dimensional simulations to explore how wave-driven heating causes mass loss and shape changes in red supergiants before supernova, revealing the effects of different heating rates on stellar envelopes.

Contribution

It advances previous models by incorporating 2D effects, showing how wave heating influences envelope expansion, asymmetry, and mass loss in pre-supernova red supergiants.

Findings

Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities smooth density inversions caused by wave heating.

Envelope expansion depends on heating rate and duration, with high short-lived heating creating shocks.

Large mass loss is unlikely unless wave heating exceeds typical expectations.

Abstract

The activity of massive stars approaching core-collapse can strongly affect the appearance of the star and its subsequent supernova. Late-phase convective nuclear burning generates waves that propagate toward the stellar surface, heating the envelope and potentially triggering mass loss. In this work, we improve on previous one-dimensional models by performing two-dimensional simulations of the pre-supernova mass ejection phase due wave heat deposition. Beginning with stellar evolutionary models of a 15 $M_{\odot}$ red supergiant star during core O-burning, we treat the energy deposition rate and duration as model parameters and examine the mass-loss dependence and the pre-explosion morphology accordingly. Unlike one-dimensional models, density inversions due to wave heating are smoothed by Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities, and the primary effect of wave heating is to radially expand the star's hydrogen envelope. For low heating rates with long durations, the expansion is nearly homologous, whereas high but short-lived heating can generate a shock that drives envelope expansion and results in a qualitatively different density profile at the time of core-collapse. Asymmetries are fairly small, and large amounts of mass loss are unlikely unless the wave heating exceeds expectations. We discuss implications for pre-supernova stellar variability and supernovae light curves.