Genuine multipartite entanglement is not a precondition for secure conference key agreement

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that genuine multipartite entanglement is not necessary for secure conference key agreement, showing that non-linear entanglement witnesses can detect useful entanglement in biseparable states.

Contribution

It reveals that secure conference keys can be established without genuine multipartite entanglement, expanding understanding of entanglement's role in quantum cryptography.

Findings

Non-zero conference keys can be obtained from biseparable states.

Conference key relates to non-linear entanglement witnesses.

Genuine multipartite entanglement is not essential for security.

Abstract

Entanglement plays a crucial role in the security of quantum key distribution. A secret key can only be obtained by two parties if there exists a corresponding entanglement-based description of the protocol in which entanglement is witnessed, as shown by Curty et al (2004). Here we investigate the role of entanglement for the generalization of quantum key distribution to the multipartite scenario, namely conference key agreement. In particular, we ask whether the strongest form of multipartite entanglement, namely genuine multipartite entanglement, is necessary to establish a conference key. We show that, surprisingly, a non-zero conference key can be obtained even if the parties share biseparable states in each round of the protocol. Moreover we relate conference key agreement with entanglement witnesses and show that a non-zero conference key can be interpreted as a non-linear entanglement witness that detects a class of states which cannot be detected by usual linear entanglement witnesses.