Swift/XRT, Chandra and XMM-Newton observations of IGR J17091-3624 as it returns into quiescence

TL;DR

This study tracks the long-term X-ray variability of IGR J17091-3624, revealing flux changes during decay, suggesting it hosts a black hole, and providing insights into its quiescent state using multiple space observatories.

Contribution

It offers the first detailed analysis of IGR J17091-3624's long-term evolution and low-luminosity behavior, indicating the presence of a black hole and highlighting the source's persistent activity.

Findings

Detected 4 re-flares during 2011 outburst decay

Observed flux variations up to a factor of 10 in quiescence

Concluded the system likely contains a black hole

Abstract

IGR J17091-3624 is a low mass X-ray binary (LMXB) which received wide attention from the community thanks to its similarities with the bright black hole system GRS 1915+105. Both systems exhibit a wide range of highly structured X-ray variability during outburst, with time scales from few seconds to tens of minutes, which make them unique in the study of mass accretion in LMXBs. In this work we present a general overview into the long-term evolution of IGR J17091-3624, using Swift/XRT observations from the onset of the 2011-2013 outburst in February 2011 to the end of the last bright outburst in November 2016. We found 4 re-flares during the decay of the 2011 outburst, but no similar re-flares appear to be present in the latter one. We studied in detail the period with the lowest flux observed in the last 10 years, just at the tail end of the 2011-2013 outburst, using Chandra and XMM-Newton observations. We observed changes in flux as high as a factor of 10 during this period of relative quiescence, without strong evidence of softening in the spectra. This result suggests that the source has not been observed at its true quiescence so far. By comparing the spectral properties at low luminosities of IGR J17091-3624 and those observed for a well studied population of LMXBs, we concluded that IGR J17091-3624 is most likely to host a black hole as a compact companion rather than a neutron star.