Magnetization transfer from protons to quadrupolar nuclei in solid-state NMR using PRESTO or dipolar-mediated refocused INEPT methods

TL;DR

This paper compares PRESTO and D-RINEPT methods for proton to quadrupolar nuclei magnetization transfer in solid-state NMR, analyzing their efficiency and robustness through simulations and experiments at various fields and spinning speeds.

Contribution

The study provides a comprehensive comparison of PRESTO and D-RINEPT techniques, introducing the use of R16${}_7{}^6$ recoupling with composite pulses for the first time.

Findings

PRESTO performs best at low magnetic fields and MAS frequencies.

D-RINEPT is more robust at high fields and MAS frequencies, especially for protons with large offsets.

The analysis combines theoretical, simulation, and experimental approaches.

Abstract

We compare here the performances of two approaches to achieve such transfer: PRESTO (Phase-shifted Recoupling Effects a Smooth Transfer of Order), which is currently the method of choice to achieve the magnetization transfer from protons to quadrupolar nuclei and which has been shown to supersede Cross-Polarization under Magic-Angle Spinning (MAS) for quadrupolar nuclei and D-RINEPT (Dipolar-mediated Refocused Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer) using symmetry-based SR4${}_1{}^2$ recoupling, which has already been employed to transfer the magnetization in the reverse way from half-integer quadrupolar spin to protons. We also test the PRESTO sequence with R16${}_7{}^6$ recoupling using 270${}_0$90${}_180$ composite $\pi$-pulses as inversion elements. This recoupling scheme has not so far been employed to reintroduce dipolar couplings with protons. These various techniques to transfer the magnetization from protons to quadrupolar nuclei are analyzed using (i) an average Hamiltonian theory, (ii) numerical simulations of spin dynamics, and (iii) experimental ${}^1$H $\rightarrow {}^{27}$Al and ${}^{1}$H $\rightarrow {}^{17}$O transfers in as-synthesized AlPO4-14 and ${}^{17}$O-labelled fumed silica, respectively. The experiments and simulations are done at two magnetic fields (9.4 and 18.8 T) and several spinning speeds (15, 18-24 and 60 kHz). This analysis indicates that owing to its $\gamma$-encoded character, PRESTO yields the highest transfer efficiency at low magnetic fields and MAS frequencies, whereas owing to its higher robustness to rf-field inhomogeneity and chemical shifts, D-RINEPT is more sensitive at high fields and MAS frequencies, notably for protons exhibiting large offset or CSA, such as those involved in hydrogen bonds.