Optimal verification of stabilizer states

TL;DR

This paper develops optimal and minimal-setting verification protocols for entangled stabilizer states using Pauli measurements, achieving sample efficiency and broad applicability to quantum state certification.

Contribution

It introduces a lower bound on sample complexity for stabilizer state verification and constructs protocols that saturate this bound, applicable to all entangled stabilizer states.

Findings

Optimal protocols based on Pauli measurements can saturate the lower bound.

Protocols with minimal measurement settings are explicitly provided for states up to seven qubits.

An upper bound on measurement settings for graph states is derived using chromatic number.

Abstract

Statistical verification of a quantum state aims to certify whether a given unknown state is close to the target state with confidence. So far, sample-optimal verification protocols based on local measurements have been found only for disparate groups of states: bipartite pure states, GHZ states, and antisymmetric basis states. In this work, we investigate systematically optimal verification of entangled stabilizer states using Pauli measurements. First, we provide a lower bound on the sample complexity of any verification protocol based on separable measurements, which is independent of the number of qubits and the specific stabilizer state. Then we propose a simple algorithm for constructing optimal protocols based on Pauli measurements. Our calculations suggest that optimal protocols based on Pauli measurements can saturate the above bound for all entangled stabilizer states, and this claim is verified explicitly for states up to seven qubits. Similar results are derived when each party can choose only two measurement settings, say X and Z. Furthermore, by virtue of the chromatic number, we provide an upper bound for the minimum number of settings required to verify any graph state, which is expected to be tight. For experimentalists, optimal protocols and protocols with the minimum number of settings are explicitly provided for all equivalent classes of stabilizer states up to seven qubits. For theorists, general results on stabilizer states (including graph states in particular) and related structures derived here may be of independent interest beyond quantum state verification.