Age of Information: An Introduction and Survey

TL;DR

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of age of information (AoI), discussing metrics, evaluation methods, and applications in low-latency systems, including complex networks and stochastic process control.

Contribution

It offers a broad survey of AoI concepts, metrics, analysis techniques, and their application to various system models and real-world cyberphysical systems.

Findings

AoI metrics effectively quantify information freshness.

Evaluation methods apply to diverse queueing and network models.

AoI optimization benefits cyberphysical system performance.

Abstract

We summarize recent contributions in the broad area of age of information (AoI). In particular, we describe the current state of the art in the design and optimization of low-latency cyberphysical systems and applications in which sources send time-stamped status updates to interested recipients. These applications desire status updates at the recipients to be as timely as possible; however, this is typically constrained by limited system resources. We describe AoI timeliness metrics and present general methods of AoI evaluation analysis that are applicable to a wide variety of sources and systems. Starting from elementary single-server queues, we apply these AoI methods to a range of increasingly complex systems, including energy harvesting sensors transmitting over noisy channels, parallel server systems, queueing networks, and various single-hop and multi-hop wireless networks. We also explore how update age is related to MMSE methods of sampling, estimation and control of stochastic processes. The paper concludes with a review of efforts to employ age optimization in cyberphysical applications.