C$_\text{n}$TAB/Polystyrene Sulfonate Mixtures at Air-Water Interfaces: Effects of Alkyl Chain Length on Surface Activity and Charging State

TL;DR

This study investigates how alkyl chain length in surfactants influences their binding, phase behavior, and surface charging when mixed with polyelectrolytes at air-water interfaces, combining bulk and interfacial measurements.

Contribution

It reveals the dependence of surfactant-polyelectrolyte interactions on alkyl chain length and links bulk aggregation to interfacial charge properties using multiple analytical techniques.

Findings

Longer alkyl chains increase binding efficiency.

Charge neutral aggregates form and adsorb at the interface.

Surface charge decreases with increasing hydrophobicity of surfactants.

Abstract

Binding and phase behavior of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes and surfactants were studied in aqueous bulk solutions and at air-water interfaces. In particular, we have investigated the polyanion poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (NaPSS) and the cationic surfactants dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C$_{12}$TAB), tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C$_{14}$TAB) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (C$_{16}$TAB). In order to reveal surfactant/polyelectrolyte binding, aggregation and phase separation of the mixtures, we have varied the NaPSS concentration systematically and have kept the surfactants concentration fixed. Information on the behavior in the bulk solution was gained by electrophoretic mobility and turbidity measurements, while the surface properties were interrogated with surface tension and sum-frequency generation (SFG). This has enabled us to relate bulk to interfacial properties with respect to the charging state and the surfactants' binding efficiency. We found that the latter two are strongly dependent on the alkyl chain length of the surfactant and that binding is much more efficient as the alkyl chain length of the surfactant increases. This also results in a different phase behavior as shown by turbidity measurements of the bulk solutions. Charge neutral aggregates that are forming in the bulk ad-sorb to the air-water interface, an effect that is likely caused by the increased hydrophobicity of C$_\text{n}$TAB/PSS complexes. This conclusion is corroborated by SFG spectroscopy, where we observe a decrease in the intensity of OH stretching bands, which is indicative for a decrease in surface charging and the formation of interfaces with negligible net charge. Particularly at mixing ratios that are in the equilibrium two-phase region, we observe weak OH intensities and thus surface charging.