Cell nucleus as a microrheological probe to study the rheology of the cytoskeleton

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel high-throughput method using the cell nucleus as a microrheological probe to independently analyze the rheology of the cytoplasm, separating it from cortex mechanics, through correlation of cortical deformation and nucleus displacement.

Contribution

It presents a new analytical approach to decouple and measure the rheological properties of the cytoplasm using nucleus displacement data in microfluidic experiments.

Findings

Nucleus velocity correlates with cytoplasm rheology across different models.

Analytical expressions relate nucleus motion to cytoplasm viscoelastic properties.

Method enables high-throughput characterization of cell interior mechanics.

Abstract

Mechanical properties of the cell are important biomarkers for probing its architectural changes caused by cellular processes and/or pathologies. The development of microfluidic technologies have enabled measuring cell mechanics at high-throughput, so that mechanical phenotyping can be applied to large samples in reasonable time-scales. These studies typically measure the stiffness of the cell as the only mechanical biomarker, and cannot disentangle the rheological contribution of different structural components of the cell, including the cell cortex, the interior cytoplasm and its immersed cytoskeletal structures, and the nucleus. Recent advancements in high-speed fluorescent imaging have enabled probing the deformations of the cell cortex, while also tracking different intracellular components in rates applicable to microfluidic platforms. We present a novel method to decouple the mechanics of the cell cortex and the cytoplasm by analyzing the correlation between the cortical deformations that are induced by external microfluidic flows, and the nucleus displacements induced by those cortical deformations; i.e. we use the nucleus as a high-throughput microrheological probe to study the rheology of the cytoplasm, independent of the cell cortex mechanics. To demonstrate the applicability of this method, we consider a proof of concept model consisting of a rigid spherical nucleus centered in a spherical cell. We obtain analytical expressions for time-dependent nucleus velocity as a function of the cell deformations, when the interior cytoplasm is modeled as a viscous, viscoelastic, porous and poroelastic materials, and demonstrate how the nucleus velocity can be used to characterize the linear rheology of the cytoplasm over a wide range of forces and time-scales/frequencies.