Nanoscale-confined Terahertz Polaritons in a van der Waals Crystal

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates nanoscale-confined terahertz phonon polaritons in a van der Waals crystal, revealing low-loss, highly confined THz polaritonic excitations with long lifetimes, advancing nanophotonic control at sub-wavelength scales.

Contribution

First experimental observation of nanoscale-confined THz phonon polaritons in a van der Waals crystal using s-SNOM and FEL, showing extreme confinement and long lifetimes.

Findings

Visualized THz polaritons with hyperbolic dispersion

Achieved field confinement below λ₀/75

Observed polariton lifetimes exceeding 2 ps

Abstract

Electromagnetic field confinement is crucial for nanophotonic technologies, since it allows for enhancing light-matter interactions, thus enabling light manipulation in deep sub-wavelength scales. In the terahertz (THz) spectral range, radiation confinement is conventionally achieved with specially designed metallic structures - such as antennas or nanoslits - with large footprints due to the rather long wavelengths of THz radiation. In this context, phonon polaritons - light coupled to lattice vibrations - in van der Waals (vdW) crystals have emerged as a promising solution for controlling light beyond the diffraction limit, as they feature extreme field confinements and low optical losses. However, experimental demonstration of nanoscale-confined phonon polaritons at THz frequencies has so far remained elusive. Here, we provide it by employing scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) combined with a free-electron laser (FEL) to reveal a range of low-loss polaritonic excitations at frequencies from 8 to 12 THz in the vdW semiconductor ${\alpha}-MoO_3$. We visualize THz polaritons with i) in-plane hyperbolic dispersion, ii) extreme nanoscale field confinement (below ${\lambda}_o/75$) and iii) long polariton lifetimes, with a lower limit of > 2 ps.