Searching for Young Stellar Objects through SEDs by Machine Learning

TL;DR

This paper introduces SCAO, a neural network-based classifier trained on high-quality data to accurately identify young stellar objects using spectral energy distributions, outperforming previous methods and robust to observational errors.

Contribution

The development of SCAO, a neural network classifier trained solely on observational data without theoretical priors, achieving high accuracy in YSO identification from multi-band infrared data.

Findings

SCAO achieves >96% precision and >98% recall for YSOs.

High accuracy maintained with only three infrared bands.

Identified over 129,000 YSO candidates in the SEIP catalog.

Abstract

Accurate measurements of statistical properties, such as the star formation rate and the lifetime of young stellar objects (YSOs) in different stages, is essential for constraining star formation theories. However, it is a difficult task to separate galaxies and YSOs based on spectral energy distributions (SEDs) alone, because they contain both thermal emission from stars and dust around them and no reliable theories can be applied to distinguish them. Here we compare different machine learning algorithms and develop the Spectrum Classifier of Astronomical Objects (SCAO), based on Fully Connected Neural Network (FCN), to classify regular stars, galaxies, and YSOs. Superior to previous classifiers, SCAO is solely trained by high quality data labeled in Molecular Cores to Planet-forming Disks (c2d) catalog without a priori theoretical knowledge, and provides excellent results with high precision (>96%) and recall (>98%) for YSOs when only eight bands are included. We systematically investigate the effects of observation errors and distance effects, and show that high accuracy performance is still maintained even when using fluxes of only three bands (IRAC 3, IRAC 4, and MIPS 1) in the long wavelengths regime, because the silicate absorption feature is automatically detected by SCAO. Finally, we apply SCAO to Spitzer Enhanced Imaging Products (SEIP), the most complete catalog of Spitzer observations, and found 129219 YSO candidates. The website from SCAO is available at http://scao.astr.nthu.edu.tw.