Recognizing $k$-Clique Extendible Orderings

TL;DR

This paper introduces the concept of $k$-clique-extendible graphs, explores their recognition complexity, and establishes NP-hardness results for recognizing such graphs for fixed $k \\geq 3$, along with parameterized complexity analyses.

Contribution

It proves that recognizing $k$-clique-extendible graphs is NP-hard for all fixed $k \\geq 3$, and analyzes the parameterized complexity of related problems.

Findings

Recognition is polynomial for comparability graphs ($k=2$).

Recognition is NP-hard for $k \\geq 3$, with specific reductions for different $k$.

Certain related problems are complete for co-W[1] and W[1], but fixed-parameter tractable with respect to treewidth.

Abstract

A graph is $k$-clique-extendible if there is an ordering of the vertices such that whenever two $k$-sized overlapping cliques $A$ and $B$ have $k-1$ common vertices, and these common vertices appear between the two vertices $a,b\in (A\setminus B)\cup (B\setminus A)$ in the ordering, there is an edge between $a$ and $b$, implying that $A\cup B$ is a $(k+1)$-sized clique. Such an ordering is said to be a $k$-C-E ordering. These graphs arise in applications related to modelling preference relations. Recently, it has been shown that a maximum sized clique in such a graph can be found in $n^{O(k)}$ time when the ordering is given. When $k$ is $2$, such graphs are precisely the well-known class of comparability graphs and when $k$ is $3$ they are called triangle-extendible graphs. It has been shown that triangle-extendible graphs appear as induced subgraphs of visibility graphs of simple polygons, and the complexity of recognizing them has been mentioned as an open problem in the literature. While comparability graphs (i.e. $2$-C-E graphs) can be recognized in polynomial time, we show that recognizing $k$-C-E graphs is NP-hard for any fixed $k \geq 3$ and co-NP-hard when $k$ is part of the input. While our NP-hardness reduction for $k \geq 4$ is from the betweenness problem, for $k=3$, our reduction is an intricate one from the $3$-colouring problem. We also show that the problems of determining whether a given ordering of the vertices of a graph is a $k$-C-E ordering, and that of finding an $\ell$-sized (or maximum sized) clique in a $k$-C-E graph, given a $k$-C-E ordering, are complete for the parameterized complexity classes co-W[1] and W[1] respectively, when parameterized by $k$. However we show that the former is fixed-parameter tractable when parameterized by the treewidth of the graph.