Charging a quantum battery via non equilibrium heat current

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that non-equilibrium steady states created by thermal gradients can be used as a resource to charge quantum batteries, enabling steady power output and improved efficiency.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of utilizing non-equilibrium heat currents as a resource for quantum battery charging, supported by analytical and numerical analysis.

Findings

Non-equilibrium steady states can power quantum batteries.

Charging with thermal gradients allows steady operation with positive power.

Shorter charging durations increase efficiency and power output.

Abstract

When a quantum system is subject to a thermal gradient it may sustain a steady non-equilibrium heat current, by entering into a so-called non equilibrium steady state (NESS). Here we show that NESS constitute a thermodynamic resource that can be exploited to fuel a quantum heat engine. This adds to the list of recently reported sources available at the nano-scale, such as coherence, entanglement and quantum measurements. We elucidate this concept by showing analytic and numerical studies of a two-qubits quantum battery that is alternatively charged by a thermal gradient and discharged by application of a properly chosen unitary gate. The presence of a NESS for the charging step guarantees steady operation with positive power output. Decreasing the duration of the charging step results in a time periodic steady state accompanied by increased efficiency and output power. The device is amenable to implementation with different nanotechnology platforms.