Propagating Speed of Primordial Gravitational Waves

TL;DR

This paper investigates the speed at which primordial gravitational waves propagate, introducing a time-dependent model that allows testing deviations from General Relativity and constrains inflationary parameters using current cosmological data.

Contribution

It develops a generalized framework for the primordial tensor propagating speed, linking it to inflationary parameters and deriving model-independent constraints from observational data.

Findings

Constrained the scale dependence of tensor speed to 0.082^{+0.047}_{-0.11} at 68% C.L.

Established a lower bound c_T > 0.22c at 95% C.L.

Derived tight constraints on tensor tilt and its runnings consistent with slow roll predictions.

Abstract

Primordial Gravitational Waves, i.e. a background of metric perturbations sourced by the quantum inflationary fluctuations, if measured, could both provide a substantial evidence for primordial inflation and shed light on physics at extremely high energy scales. In this work we focus on their propagating speed. Using an effective field theory approach we introduce a time-dependent propagating speed $c_{\rm T}(t)$ showing that also small deviations from the General Relativity (GR) prediction $c_{\rm T}(t) = c$ can lead to testable consequences. We derive a set of equations that relate the propagating speed and its time dependence to the inflationary parameters and that generalize the usual slow roll consistency relations. Imposing the new generalized consistency relations and combining small and large scales data, we derive model independent constraints on inflation with non-trivial primordial tensor speed. In particular we constrain its scale dependence to be $d\log c_{\rm T} / d\log k=0.082^{+0.047}_{-0.11}$ at 68% C.L. while we only derive the lower bound $c_{\rm T}>0.22\,c$ at 95% C.L. . We also constrain the tensor-to-scalar ratio at the pivot scale $k_*=0.05\rm{Mpc}^{-1}$ to be $r<0.0599$ at 95% C.L. in agreement with the result provided by the Planck collaboration. Thanks to a proper small scale parameterization of the tensor spectrum we derive stringent constraints on the tensor tilt $n_{\rm T}=-0.084^{+0.10}_{-0.047}$ at 68% C.L. and on its runnings $\alpha_{\rm T}=d\,n_{\rm T}/d\log k=0.0141^{+0.0035}_{-0.021}$ and $\beta_{\rm T}=d\,\alpha_{\rm T}/d\log k= -0.0061^{+0.010}_{-0.0014}$ both at 68% C.L. Our results show a remarkable agreement with the standard slow roll predictions and prove that current data can significantly constrain deviations from GR on the inflationary energy scales.