A layered single-side readout DOI TOF-PET detector

TL;DR

This paper proposes a layered scintillator detector with single-side readout that combines DOI and timing capabilities, evaluated through simulations showing promising accuracy and resolution for brain PET applications.

Contribution

The study introduces a novel layered design with one-to-one photodetector coupling that achieves both DOI and timing performance, surpassing conventional light sharing methods.

Findings

Accurate DOI extraction up to 4 layers using a single threshold.

Timing resolution of approximately 91-164 ps depending on design.

Layered approach improves timing by reducing crystal thickness.

Abstract

We are exploring a scintillator-based detector with potential of high sensitivity, DOI capability and timing resolution in a single-side readout configuration. Our concept combines: 1) A design with 2+ crystal arrays stacked with relative offset, with inherent DOI information but good timing performance has not been shown with conventional light sharing readout. 2) Single crystal array with one-to-one coupling to the photodetector (PD) array, with good timing performance, but no DOI. We believe the combination, where the first layer of a staggered design is coupled one-to-one to a PD array may provide both DOI and timing. The concept is here evaluated through light transport simulations. Results show that: 1) In terms of DOI one-to-one readout of the first layer allows for accurate DOI extraction using a single threshold relative to the PD sum signal, for up to 4 layers. The number of PD pixels exceeding the threshold corresponds to the layer of interaction. The corresponding approach is not possible for the same geometries with a light sharing readout scheme. 2) When employing a low threshold of 2 optical photons the layered approach with one-to-one readout of the first layer improves timing close to the PD compared to single layer, due to reduced crystal thickness. Single detector timing resolution values of 91, 127, 151 and 164 ps were seen in the 4-layer design with unpolished pixels, compared to 148 ps for single array with one-to-one coupling. 3) For the layered design with light sharing readout, timing improves with increased PD pixel size, with an apparent tradeoff between spatial resolution and timing not observed for the one-to-one coupled counterpart. The combination of straightforward and accurate DOI determination, good timing performance and relatively simple design makes the proposed detector a promising candidate for brain dedicated DOI TOF-PET.