Long-range scalar forces in five-dimensional general relativity

TL;DR

This paper explores the implications of a long-range scalar field in five-dimensional general relativity, revealing new force effects, a characteristic lengthscale, and potential for experimental tests of the theory.

Contribution

It introduces a new analysis of the long-range scalar field in 5D GR, identifying a novel electro-gravitic force and a characteristic lengthscale, with implications for fundamental physics.

Findings

Discovery of a strong electro-gravitic buoyancy force.

Identification of a new lengthscale or the scalar field.

Large classical forces predicted, testable to falsify 5D hypotheses.

Abstract

Kaluza first observed that the vacuum Einstein equations written in 5 dimensions (5D) reproduce exactly 4D general relativity and classical electrodynamics, when derivatives of the 5D metric with respect to the 5th coordinate are set to zero. The 15th component of the 5D metric is a 4D long-range scalar field, and the 4D limit emerges as the scalar field goes to one. Here we report new analysis, results, and force effects from the long-range Kaluza scalar field. These considerations reveal a strong electro-gravitic buoyancy force arising from a gravitational coupling between the electric charge of a body and the scalar field around a planet. A new, third characteristic lengthscale for the electro-gravitic fields of a body of mass $M$ and charge $Q$ is identified, $\mu_0 Q^2/M$, to go along with the Reissner-Nordstrom lengthscales, $GM/c^2$ and $Q\sqrt{G\mu_0 /c^2}$. At atomic scales, 5D covariance of the source terms requires that the electric, scalar, and gravitational forces all become proportional to electric charge. We discuss these results relative to foundational work by Dicke on long range scalar interactions and the Brans-Dicke scalar-tensor theory, including how interaction with the scalar implies a variable rest mass, and the energetics of the joint scalar-gravitational interaction. We discuss the problems of tuning the only available free parameter, the invariant 5D length element of the sources, to neutralize the scalar force and avoid the otherwise-large scalar force predictions. We conclude that large classical forces are a testable prediction of 5D general relativity sufficient to falsify the 5D hypothesis. Yet the emergence of a new physical interaction lengthscale is suggestive of further unexplored physics of the long range scalar field.