Kortweg de-Vries solitons on electrified liquid jets

TL;DR

This paper derives a KdV equation describing nonlinear axisymmetric electrocapillary waves on a liquid jet in a radial electric field, revealing conditions for solitary wave formation and their characteristics.

Contribution

It develops a weakly nonlinear theory for electrocapillary waves on liquid jets, showing how electric field and electrode radius influence wave behavior and solitary wave existence.

Findings

KdV equation models wave evolution on liquid jets

Solitary waves of elevation and depression are possible

Parameter regions for different wave types are identified

Abstract

The propagation of axisymmetric waves on the surface of a liquid jet under the action of a radial electric field is considered. The jet is assumed to be inviscid and perfectly conducting, and a field is set up by placing the jet concentrically inside a perfectly cylindrical tube whose wall is maintained at a constant potential. A nontrivial interaction arises between the hydrodynamics and the electric field in the annulus, resulting in the formation of electrocapillary waves. The main objective of the present study is to describe nonlinear aspects of such axisymmetric waves in the weakly nonlinear regime which is valid for long waves relative to the undisturbed jet radius. This is found to be possible if two conditions hold: the outer electrode radius is not too small, and the applied electric field is sufficiently strong. Under these conditions long waves are shown to be dispersive and a weakly nonlinear theory can be developed to describe the evolution of the disturbances. The canonical system that arises is the Kortweg de-Vries equation with coefficients that vary as the electric field and the electrode radius are varied. Interestingly, the coefficient of the highest order third derivative term does not change sign and remains strictly positive, whereas the coefficient $\alpha$ of the nonlinear term can change sign for certain values of the parameters. This finding implies that solitary electrocapillary waves are possible; there are waves of elevation for $\alpha>0$ and of depression for $\alpha<0$. Regions in parameter space are identified where such waves are found.