Design of nematic liquid crystals to control microscale dynamics

TL;DR

This paper explores how nematic liquid crystals can be engineered to control microscale particle and microorganism dynamics, enabling new applications in micro-robotics and active matter research.

Contribution

It introduces a method to pattern nematic liquid crystals using plasmonic photoalignment to precisely control microscale dynamics and active matter behavior.

Findings

Patterned nematic liquid crystals can guide bacterial trajectories.

Liquid crystal structures enable nonlinear electrokinetics for particle manipulation.

Director gradients influence elastomer coating dynamics.

Abstract

Dynamics of small particles, both living such as swimming bacteria and inanimate, such as colloidal spheres, has fascinated scientists for centuries. If one could learn how to control and streamline their chaotic motion, that would open technological opportunities in areas such as the transformation of stored or environmental energy into systematic motion, micro-robotics, and transport of matter at the microscale. This overview presents an approach to command microscale dynamics by replacing an isotropic medium such as water with an anisotropic fluid, a nematic liquid crystal. Orientational order leads to new dynamic effects, such as propagation of particle-like solitary waves. Many of these effects are still awaiting their detailed mathematical description. By using plasmonic metamask photoalignment, the nematic director can be patterned into predesigned structures that control dynamics of inanimate particles through the liquid crystal enabled nonlinear electrokinetics. Moreover, plasmonic patterning of liquid crystals allows one to command the dynamics of swimming bacteria, guiding their trajectories, polarity of swimming, and concentration in space. The patterned director design can also be extended to liquid crystal elastomers, in which case the director gradients define the dynamic profile of elastomer coatings. Some of these systems form an experimental playground for the exploration of out-of-equilibrium active matter, in which the levels of activity, degree of orientational order and patterns of alignment can all be controlled independently of each other.