The surprisingly carbon-rich environment of the S-type star W Aql

TL;DR

This study reveals that the circumstellar environment of the S-type star W Aql is chemically more similar to C-type AGB stars than M-type, based on molecular detections and abundance analysis, challenging previous assumptions about S-type star chemistry.

Contribution

The paper provides new observational evidence showing S-type star W Aql's circumstellar chemistry closely resembles C-type stars, highlighting the need to revise chemical models for S-type AGB stars.

Findings

Detection of molecules typical for C-type stars in W Aql's CSE

W Aql's circumstellar chemistry resembles C-type more than M-type stars

Supports models suggesting S-type stars are chemically closer to C-type stars

Abstract

W Aql is an asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star with an atmospheric elemental abundance ratio C/O$\approx$0.98 and reported circumstellar molecular abundances intermediate between those of M-type (C/O$<$1) and C-type (C/O$>$1) AGB stars. This intermediate status is considered typical for S-type stars, although our understanding of the chemical content of their circumstellar envelopes (CSEs) is currently rather limited. We performed observations in the frequency range 159-268 GHz with the APEX telescope and make abundance estimates through comparison to available spectra towards some well-studied AGB stars and based on rotational diagram analysis in the case of SiC2. We conclude that W Aql's CSE appears considerably closer to that of a C-type AGB star than to that of an M-type AGB star. In particular, we detect emission from C2H, SiC2, SiN, and HC3N, molecules previously only detected towards the CSEs of C-type stars. This conclusion, based on the chemistry of the gaseous component of the CSE, is further supported by reports in the literature on the presence of atmospheric molecular bands and spectral features of dust species typical for C-type AGB stars. Although our observations mainly trace species in the outer regions of the CSE, our conclusion matches closely that based on recent chemical equilibrium models for the inner wind of S-type stars: the atmospheric and circumstellar chemistry of S-type stars likely resembles that of C-type AGB stars much more closely than that of M-type AGB stars. Further observational investigation of the gaseous circumstellar chemistry of S-type stars is required to characterise its dependence on the atmospheric C/O. Non-equilibrium chemical models of the CSEs of AGB stars need to address the particular class of S-type stars and the chemical variety that is induced by the range in atmospheric C/O.