Creation of Universes from the Third-Quantized Vacuum

TL;DR

This paper calculates the spontaneous creation rates of different types of universes from nothing within third quantization, revealing a strong preference for closed universes at lower inflation scales.

Contribution

It provides a quantitative analysis of universe creation probabilities from the third-quantized vacuum, highlighting the dominance of closed universes under certain inflation conditions.

Findings

Closed universes are exponentially favored over flat and open ones at low inflation energies.

The ratio of closed to other universes can be as high as 10^{10^{10}} for inflation scales below 2×10^{16} GeV.

Creation probability depends exponentially on the inflaton's kinetic energy.

Abstract

We calculate the average numbers of closed, flat, and open universes spontaneously created from nothing in third quantization. The creation of universes is exponentially suppressed for large values of the kinetic energy of the inflaton, while for small kinetic energies it is exponentially favoured for closed universes over flat and open ones: For a scale of inflation less than about $2 \times 10^{16}$GeV, the ratio of the number of closed universes to either the number of flat or open universes is \begin{equation} \frac{n_{closed}}{n_{flat,open}} \gtrsim 10^{10^{10}} . \nonumber \end{equation}