Solving the fully-connected spherical $p$-spin model with the cavity method: equivalence with the replica results

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates how to solve the spherical p-spin model using the cavity method, showing equivalence with replica results and paving the way for analyzing diluted models in glassy physics.

Contribution

It develops cavity equations for spherical p-spin models on complete graphs under RS and 1RSB ansatzes, matching replica results and enabling extensions to diluted graphs.

Findings

Cavity equations for spherical p-spin models are derived and solved.

Results match replica method predictions, confirming phase transition to 1RSB phase.

The approach clarifies the physical meaning of the ansatz and facilitates generalization to diluted models.

Abstract

The spherical $p$-spin is a fundamental model for glassy physics, thanks to its analytic solution achievable via the replica method. Unfortunately the replica method has some drawbacks: it is very hard to apply to diluted models and the assumptions beyond it are not immediately clear. Both drawbacks can be overcome by the use of the cavity method, which, however, needs to be applied with care to spherical models. Here we show how to write the cavity equations for spherical $p$-spin models on complete graphs, both in the Replica Symmetric (RS) ansatz (corresponding to Belief Propagation) and in the 1-step Replica Symmetry Breaking (1RSB) ansatz (corresponding to Survey Propagation). The cavity equations can be solved by a Gaussian (RS) and multivariate Gaussian (1RSB) ansatz for the distribution of the cavity fields. We compute the free energy in both ansatzes and check that the results are identical to the replica computation, predicting a phase transition to a 1RSB phase at low temperatures. The advantages of solving the model with the cavity method are many. The physical meaning of any ansatz for the cavity marginals is very clear. The cavity method works directly with the distribution of local quantities, which allows to generalize the method to dilute graphs. What we are presenting here is the first step towards the solution of the diluted version of the spherical $p$-spin model, which is a fundamental model in the theory of random lasers and interesting $per~se$ as an easier-to-simulate version of the classical fully-connected $p$-spin model.