Computational modeling of extreme wildland fire events: a synthesis of scientific understanding with applications to forecasting, land management, and firefighter safety

TL;DR

This paper reviews advanced computational models that integrate fire dynamics and weather data to improve understanding, forecasting, and management of extreme wildland fires, highlighting recent breakthroughs and ongoing challenges.

Contribution

It synthesizes recent developments in coupled fire-atmosphere models, demonstrating their application to extreme wildfire events and discussing current limitations.

Findings

Coupled models enhance understanding of fire-atmosphere interactions.

Forecasting capabilities have improved fire growth prediction.

Case studies reveal insights into extreme wildfire mechanisms.

Abstract

The understanding and prediction of large wildland fire events around the world is a growing interdisciplinary research area advanced rapidly by development and use of computational models. Recent models bidirectionally couple computational fluid dynamics models including weather prediction models with modules containing algorithms representing fire spread and heat release, simulating fire-atmosphere interactions across scales spanning three orders of magnitude. Integrated with weather data and airborne and satellite remote sensing data on wildland fuels and active fire detection, modern coupled weather-fire modeling systems are being used to solve current science problems. Compared to legacy tools, these dynamic computational modeling systems increase cost and complexity but have produced breakthrough insights notably into the mechanisms underlying extreme wildfire events such as fine-scale extreme winds associated with interruptions of the electricity grid and have been configured to forecast a fire's growth, expanding our ability to anticipate how they will unfold. We synthesize case studies of recent extreme events, expanding applications, and the challenges and limitations in our remote sensing systems, fire prediction tools, and meteorological models that add to wildfires' mystery and apparent unpredictability.