Local starburst conditions and formation of GRB 980425 / SN 1998bw within a collisional ring

TL;DR

This study uses ALMA to spatially resolve molecular gas near GRB 980425, revealing a starburst environment within a collisional gas ring, and suggests the GRB originated from a young massive star cluster formed in this starburst mode.

Contribution

First spatially resolved molecular gas study around a GRB, linking local starburst conditions to GRB progenitor formation within a collisional ring.

Findings

Detected eleven molecular gas clumps, seven within the gas ring.

Molecular gas masses are sufficient for massive star cluster formation.

Starburst mode of star formation observed locally in the galaxy.

Abstract

We present the first spatially resolved study of molecular gas in the vicinity of a Gamma Ray Burst, using CO(2-1) emission line observations with the Atacama Large Millimetre Array (ALMA) at ~50 pc scales. The host galaxy of GRB 980425 contains a ring of high column density HI gas which is likely to have formed due to a collision between the GRB host and its companion galaxy, within which the GRB is located. We detect eleven molecular gas clumps in the galaxy, seven of which are within the gas ring. The clump closest to the GRB position is at a projected separation of ~280 pc. Although it is plausible that the GRB progenitor was ejected from clusters formed in this clump, we argue that the in situ formation of the GRB progenitor is the most likely scenario. We measure the molecular gas masses of the clumps and find them to be sufficient for forming massive star clusters. The molecular gas depletion times of the clumps show a variation of ~2 dex, comparable with the large variation in depletion times found in starburst galaxies in the nearby Universe. This demonstrates the presence of starburst modes of star formation on local scales in the galaxy, even while the galaxy as a whole cannot be categorised as a starburst based on its global properties. Our findings suggest that the progenitor of GRB 9802425 was originated in a young massive star cluster formed in the starburst mode of star formation.