A Multi-wavelength search for Black Widows and Redbacks counterparts of candidate $\gamma$-ray millisecond pulsars

TL;DR

This study systematically searches for Black Widows and Redbacks, binary millisecond pulsar systems, among unidentified gamma-ray sources using multi-wavelength data, recovering known systems and identifying new candidates.

Contribution

It introduces a multi-wavelength approach combined with machine learning to identify and verify Black Widows and Redbacks among gamma-ray sources, improving detection methods.

Findings

Recovered known BW/RB systems

Identified new candidate systems

Ruled out some previous identifications

Abstract

The wealth of detections of millisecond pulsars (MSPs) in $\gamma$-rays by {\em Fermi} has spurred searches for these objects among the several unidentified $\gamma$-ray sources. Interesting targets are a sub-class of binary MSPs, dubbed "Black Widows" (BWs) and "Redbacks" (RBs), which are in orbit with low-mass non-degenerate companions fully or partially ablated by irradiation from the MSP wind. These systems can be easily missed in radio pulsar surveys owing to the eclipse of the radio signal by the intra-binary plasma from the ablated companion star photosphere, making them better targets for multi-wavelength observations. We used optical and X-ray data from public databases to carry out a systematic investigation of all the unidentified $\gamma$-ray sources from the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) Third Source Catalog (3FGL), which have been pre-selected as likely MSP candidates according to a machine-learning technique analysis. We tested our procedure by recovering known binary BW/RB identifications and searched for new ones, finding possible candidates. At the same time, we investigated previously proposed BW/RB identifications and we ruled out one of them based upon the updated $\gamma$-ray source coordinates.