Flexible List Colorings in Graphs with Special Degeneracy Conditions

TL;DR

This paper explores flexible list coloring in graphs with specific degeneracy properties, providing bounds and characterizations for various graph classes, and introduces a new concept of flexible degeneracy.

Contribution

It characterizes $rac{1}{6 ext{Δ}}$-flexible $ ext{Δ}$-choosability for graphs with maximum degree Δ and introduces flexible degeneracy, advancing understanding of list coloring with requests.

Findings

Graphs of maximum degree Δ (not isomorphic to K_{Δ+1}) are $rac{1}{6 ext{Δ}}$-flexibly Δ-choosable.

Graphs of treewidth 2 are $rac{1}{3}$-flexibly 3-choosable.

Graphs of treedepth k are $rac{1}{k}$-flexibly k-choosable.

Abstract

For a given $\varepsilon > 0$, we say that a graph $G$ is $\varepsilon$-flexibly $k$-choosable if the following holds: for any assignment $L$ of color lists of size $k$ on $V(G)$, if a preferred color from a list is requested at any set $R$ of vertices, then at least $\varepsilon |R|$ of these requests are satisfied by some $L$-coloring. We consider the question of flexible choosability in several graph classes with certain degeneracy conditions. We characterize the graphs of maximum degree $\Delta$ that are $\varepsilon$-flexibly $\Delta$-choosable for some $\varepsilon = \varepsilon(\Delta) > 0$, which answers a question of Dvo\v{r}\'ak, Norin, and Postle [List coloring with requests, JGT 2019]. In particular, we show that for any $\Delta\geq 3$, any graph of maximum degree $\Delta$ that is not isomorphic to $K_{\Delta+1}$ is $\frac{1}{6\Delta}$-flexibly $\Delta$-choosable. Our fraction of $\frac{1}{6 \Delta}$ is within a constant factor of being the best possible. We also show that graphs of treewidth $2$ are $\frac{1}{3}$-flexibly $3$-choosable, answering a question of Choi et al.~[arXiv 2020], and we give conditions for list assignments by which graphs of treewidth $k$ are $\frac{1}{k+1}$-flexibly $(k+1)$-choosable. We show furthermore that graphs of treedepth $k$ are $\frac{1}{k}$-flexibly $k$-choosable. Finally, we introduce a notion of flexible degeneracy, which strengthens flexible choosability, and we show that apart from a well-understood class of exceptions, 3-connected non-regular graphs of maximum degree $\Delta$ are flexibly $(\Delta - 1)$-degenerate.