Virialization of the inner CGM in the FIRE simulations and implications for galaxy discs, star formation and feedback

TL;DR

This study uses FIRE-2 simulations to show that the virialization of the inner CGM at around 10^12 solar masses significantly influences galaxy disc formation, star formation stability, and feedback processes.

Contribution

It reveals an outside-in virialization process of the CGM and links it to the transition from bursty to steady star formation and disc stabilization.

Findings

Inner CGM virializes at halo mass ~10^12 M_sun.

Virialization correlates with stable galaxy discs and steady star formation.

Outer CGM virializes at lower halo masses than inner CGM.

Abstract

We use the FIRE-2 cosmological simulations to study the formation of a quasi-static, virial-temperature gas phase in the circumgalactic medium (CGM) at redshifts 0<z<5, and how the formation of this virialized phase affects the evolution of galactic discs. We demonstrate that when the halo mass crosses ~10^12 M_sun, the cooling time of shocked gas in the inner CGM (~0.1 R_vir, where R_vir is the virial radius) exceeds the local free-fall time. The inner CGM then experiences a transition from on average sub-virial temperatures (T<<T_vir), large pressure fluctuations and supersonic inflow/outflow velocities, to virial temperatures (T~T_vir), uniform pressures and subsonic velocities. This transition occurs when the outer CGM (~0.5 R_vir) is already subsonic and has a temperature ~T_vir, indicating that the longer cooling times at large radii allow the outer CGM to virialize at lower halo masses than the inner CGM. This outside-in CGM virialization scenario is in contrast with inside-out scenarios commonly envisioned based on more idealized simulations. We demonstrate that inner CGM virialization coincides with abrupt changes in the central galaxy and its stellar feedback: the galaxy settles into a stable rotating disc, star formation transitions from `bursty' to `steady,' and stellar-driven galaxy-scale outflows are suppressed. Our results thus suggest that CGM virialization is initially associated with the formation of rotation-dominated thin galactic discs, rather than with the quenching of star formation as often assumed.