Integral flow and cycle chip-firing on graphs

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new form of chip-firing based on integral flows and dual Laplacians, establishing connections with spanning trees and cycle bases, and explores its properties on various graphs.

Contribution

It develops a novel integral flow chip-firing framework using dual Laplacians, proving avalanche finiteness and establishing bijections with spanning trees.

Findings

Existence of M-bases with avalanche-finite firing rules

Bijection between superstable flow configurations and spanning trees

Cycle-based M-bases for planar graphs, K_5, and K_{3,3}

Abstract

Motivated by the notion of chip-firing on the dual graph of a planar graph, we consider `integral flow chip-firing' on an arbitrary graph $G$. The chip-firing rule is governed by ${\mathcal L}^*(G)$, the dual Laplacian of $G$ determined by choosing a basis for the lattice of integral flows on $G$. We show that any graph admits such a basis so that ${\mathcal L}^*(G)$ is an $M$-matrix, leading to a firing rule on these basis elements that is avalanche finite. This follows from a more general result on bases of integral lattices that may be of independent interest. Our results provide a notion of $z$-superstable flow configurations that are in bijection with the set of spanning trees of $G$. We show that for planar graphs, as well as for the graphs $K_5$ and $K_{3,3}$, one can find such a flow M-basis that consists of cycles of the underlying graph. We consider the question for arbitrary graphs and address some open questions.