A finite-difference scheme for three-dimensional incompressible flows in spherical coordinates

TL;DR

This paper introduces a second-order finite-difference scheme for simulating three-dimensional incompressible flows in spherical coordinates, effectively handling singularities and boundary conditions with improved efficiency and flexibility.

Contribution

It presents a novel numerical method that alleviates singularity issues and time step restrictions in spherical coordinate flow simulations, with broad applicability to various geometries.

Findings

Scheme is second-order accurate in space.

Successfully validated against existing results.

Handles complex boundary conditions and mesh stretching.

Abstract

In this study we have developed a flexible and efficient numerical scheme for the simulation of three-dimensional incompressible flows in spherical coordinates. The main idea, inspired by a similar strategy as (Verzicco, R., Orlandi, P., 1996, A Finite-Difference Scheme for Three-Dimensional Incompressible Flows in Cylindrical Coordinates) for cylindrical coordinates, consists of a change of variables combined with a discretization on a staggered mesh and the special treatment of few discrete terms that remove the singularities of the Navier-Stokes equations at the sphere centre and along the polar axis. This new method alleviates also the time step restrictions introduced by the discretization around the polar axis while the sphere centre still yields strong limitations, although only in very unfavourable flow configurations. The scheme is second-order accurate in space and is verified and validated by computing numerical examples that are compared with similar results produced by other codes or available from the literature. The method can cope with flows evolving in the whole sphere, in a spherical shell and in a sector without any change and, thanks to the flexibility of finite-differences, it can employ generic mesh stretching (in two of the three directions) and complex boundary conditions.