Updated theoretical Period-Age and Period-Age-Color relations for Galactic Classical Cepheids: an application to the Gaia DR2 sample

TL;DR

This paper refines theoretical relations between period, age, and color for Galactic Classical Cepheids using Gaia DR2 data, accounting for model variations and applying these to derive ages and distributions across the Galaxy.

Contribution

It introduces new period-age and period-age-color relations in Gaia bands based on updated models, considering core overshooting, rotation, and mass loss effects.

Findings

Older Cepheids are located at larger Galactocentric distances.

First overtone Cepheids are systematically older than fundamental ones.

Model variations have different impacts on age predictions.

Abstract

Updated evolutionary and pulsational model predictions are combined in order to interpret the properties of Galactic Classical Cepheids in the Gaia Data Release 2. In particular, the location of the instability strip boundaries and the analytical relations connecting pulsation periods to the intrinsic stellar parameters are combined with evolutionary tracks to derive reliable and accurate period-age, and the first theoretical period-age-color relations in the Gaia bands for a solar chemical abundance pattern ($Z$=$0.02$, $Y$=$0.28$). The adopted theoretical framework takes into account possible variations in the mass-luminosity relation for the core helium-burning stage as due to changes in the core convective overshooting and/or mass loss efficiency, as well as the impact on the instability strip boundaries due to different assumptions for superadiabatic convection efficiency. The inferred period-age and period-age-color relations are applied to a selected sample of both fundamental and first overtone Gaia Cepheids, and individual ages for the various adopted theoretical scenarios are derived. The retrieved age distributions confirm that a variation in the efficiency of superadiabatic convection in the pulsational model computations has a negligible effect, whereas a brighter Mass-Luminosity relation, as produced by mild overshooting, rotation or mass loss, implies significantly older age predictions. Moreover, older Cepheids are found at larger Galactocentric distances, while first overtone Cepheids are found to be systematically older than the fundamental ones. The comparison with independent age distribution analysis in literature supports the predictive capability of current theoretical framework.