Revisiting the proton mass decomposition

TL;DR

This paper reviews and updates the various quantum chromodynamics-based decompositions of the proton mass, emphasizing recent renormalization developments, scheme dependence, and the roles of trace anomaly and sigma terms.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive analysis of proton mass decompositions with new numerical results up to 3 loops and discusses their scheme dependence and theoretical connections.

Findings

Numerical results for mass decomposition terms up to 3 loops.

Analysis of scheme dependence in mass decompositions.

Insights into the role of trace anomaly and sigma terms.

Abstract

Different decompositions (sum rules) for the proton mass have been proposed in the literature. All of them are related to the energy-momentum tensor in quantum chromodynamics. We review and revisit these decompositions by paying special attention to recent developments with regard to the renormalization of the energy-momentum tensor. The connection between the sum rules is discussed as well. We present numerical results for the various terms of the mass decompositions up to 3 loops in the strong coupling, and consider their scheme dependence. We also elaborate on the role played by the trace anomaly and the sigma terms.