Radio interferometry applied to the observation of cosmic-ray induced extensive air showers

TL;DR

This paper introduces a radio interferometric technique for observing cosmic-ray induced air showers, achieving high accuracy in property reconstruction and lowering detection thresholds, with potential applications in cosmic-ray research.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel radio interferometric method for precise measurement of extensive air showers, improving direction and depth resolution and enabling lower energy detection thresholds.

Findings

Direction reconstruction resolution of <0.2°

Depth of shower maximum resolution of <10 g/cm²

Lowered energy detection threshold for radio detection

Abstract

We developed a radio interferometric technique for the observation of extensive air showers initiated by cosmic particles. In this proof-of-principle study we show that properties of extensive air showers can be derived with high accuracy in a straightforward manner. When time synchronisation below $\sim$1 ns between different receivers can be achieved, direction reconstruction resolution of $< 0.2^\circ$ and resolution on the depth of shower maximum of $<10$ g/cm$^2$ are obtained over the full parameter range studied, with even higher accuracy for inclined incoming directions. In addition, by applying the developed method to dense arrays of radio antennas, the energy threshold for the radio detection of extensive air showers can be significantly lowered. The proposed method can be incorporated in operational and future cosmic particle observatories and with its high accuracy it has the potential to play a crucial role in unravelling the composition of the ultra-high-energy cosmic-particle flux.