Gender Inequality in Research Productivity During the COVID-19 Pandemic

TL;DR

This study examines how COVID-19 lockdowns have disproportionately reduced research productivity among female academics in social sciences, highlighting gender inequality exacerbated by remote work disruptions.

Contribution

It provides empirical evidence of gendered impacts on research productivity during COVID-19 using a large dataset and difference-in-differences analysis across multiple countries and disciplines.

Findings

Female academics' productivity dropped by 13.9% relative to males after lockdown.

Total research productivity increased by 35% during the same period.

Gender inequality in productivity was more pronounced in top-ranked universities and in multiple countries.

Abstract

We study the disproportionate impact of the lockdown as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak on female and male academics' research productivity in social science. The lockdown has caused substantial disruptions to academic activities, requiring people to work from home. How this disruption affects productivity and the related gender equity is an important operations and societal question. We collect data from the largest open-access preprint repository for social science on 41,858 research preprints in 18 disciplines produced by 76,832 authors across 25 countries over a span of two years. We use a difference-in-differences approach leveraging the exogenous pandemic shock. Our results indicate that, in the 10 weeks after the lockdown in the United States, although the total research productivity increased by 35%, female academics' productivity dropped by 13.9% relative to that of male academics. We also show that several disciplines drive such gender inequality. Finally, we find that this intensified productivity gap is more pronounced for academics in top-ranked universities, and the effect exists in six other countries. Our work points out the fairness issue in productivity caused by the lockdown, a finding that universities will find helpful when evaluating faculty productivity. It also helps organizations realize the potential unintended consequences that can arise from telecommuting.